Judaism

Judaism is one of the oldest monotheistic religions, with roots around 2000–1500 BCE in the ancient Near East. It is traditionally associated with patriarchs like Abraham and Moses (who receives the Law/Torah) rather than a single “founder.” Jews believe in one God, who made a covenant with Israel. Many of the same scriptures are shared with Christianity (the Jewish Tanakh is largely the Christian Old Testament). Judaism emphasizes the Torah, commandments, and communal life.

Unlike Roman Catholicism, Judaism does not accept Jesus as the Messiah or divine, does not recognize the New Testament or Catholic sacraments, and does not have a centralized authority like the papacy. The focus is on covenantal law, prayer, study, and communal identity, rather than on Catholic doctrines such as the Trinity or salvation through Christ.